- 1.2.3.
- It was a mixture of squalor and magnificence .它是肮脏破旧和壮丽豪华的混合体。
- It was Mistress Hibbins, who, arrayed in great magnificence, with a triple ruff, a embroidered stomacher, a gown of rich velvet, and a gold-headed cane , had come forth to see the procession.那个人就是西宾斯太太。 她套着三层皱领，罩着绣花胸衣，穿着华丽的绒袍，还握着根金头手杖，打扮得富丽堂皇地出来看游行。
- I am magnificence in human form.在外表上，我是富丽堂皇的。
squalor ['skwɔlə; 'skwɔ:-]
- n.
- 肮脏，糟蹋
spiders are truly global citizens.
you can find spiders in every terrestrial habitat.
21世纪大英汉词典
词组短语
双语例句
habitat ['hæbitæt]
- n.
- (动植物的)生息场所，生境
HABITAT
- abbr.
- Centre for Human Settlements 联合国人类住区中心
habitat destruction生境破坏；毁坏栖息地
- 1.2.3.
- Let me heart nestled habitat.让我的心灵栖息，依偎。
- This habitat is now being destroyed.栖息地现在正遭到破坏。
- Monkeys live in an arboreal habitat.猴子 生活在树上的栖息地。
this red dot marks the Great Basin of North America.
I am involved with an alpine biodiversity project there with some collaborators.
biodiversity,bio-diversity
- n.
- (尤指物种的)生物多样性，生物多样化，生物多类状态
just to give you a sense of perspective.
this little blue smudge here.
- 1.2.3.
- You've got a smudge on your cheek.你的脸上有一块污迹。
- If you're using pastels, be careful not to accidentally smudge it!如果您使用的是粉彩，小心，不要不小心弄脏了！
- Charcoal drawings smudge easily.木炭画很容易弄脏。
This is a rugged and barren landscape.
21世纪大英汉词典
词组短语
rugged ['rʌɡid]
- adj.
- 崎岖的，不平坦的；多丘陵的；多岩石的
rugged terrain不平地形，崎岖地带
rugged individualism顽强的个人主义
landscape design景观设计；园林设计；环境景观设计
landscape architecture造园术，园林建筑学；造景建筑业
natural landscape自然景观；天然景观
turning rocks over revealed this crab spider, grapping with a beetle.
- 1.2.3.
- A routine scan revealed abnormalities in the foetus.一次常规扫描发现胎儿畸形。
- In his speech a gentleman is revealed.他的言谈中会显现一种君子风范。
- Today it revealed the details.今天，它披露了其中的细节条款。
21世纪大英汉词典
词组短语
beetle1 ['bi:tl]
- n.
- 【昆虫】
- vi.
- [英国口语]
beetle2 ['bi:tl]
- n.
- 大(木)槌，槌；夯
- vt.
- (用大槌)捶打；(用木夯)夯实，打，打进，打紧；(用杵子或碾槌)捣碎：
beetle3 ['bi:tl]
- vi.
- 凸出，突出，伸出；俯临；高悬：
- adj.
- 突出的，伸出的；俯临的；悬垂的[亦作 beetling]
Beetle ['bi:tl]
- n.
- 甲虫型汽车，甲虫车
Spiders are magnificently diverse.
there are 40000 described species of spiders.
21世纪大英汉词典
词组短语
described
- vt.
- describe的变形
describe [di'skraib]
- vt.
- 讲述，叙述，记叙，评述，描述，描写；形容；勾勒，刻画：
- vi.
- 提供描述；进行描述；起描述作用：
described as说成是
To put that number into perspective.
there are two orders of magnitude more spiders than primates.
order: 代数阶次
primate ['praimeit; -mit]
- n.
- 大主教(一教区中最高的主教)；首席主教
- adj.
- 首要的
this is the geologic timescale.(地质时间表)
To put that into perspective.
red vertical bar here marks the divergence time of humans from chimpanzees.
most spiders use copious amounts of silk.
copious ['kəupiəs]
- adj.
- 丰富的，丰盛的，富裕的，富饶的；大量的；多产的
and silk is essential to their survival and reproduction
even fossil spiders can make sile, as we can see from this impression of a spinneret on this fossil spider.
fossil ['fɔsəl]
- n.
- 化石
- adj.
- 化石的，石化的；有化石特征的；构成化石的
spinneret ['spinərət]
- n.
- 【纺织业】喷丝头
spiders use silk for many purposes: dragline, reproduction,protection,foraging.
dragline ['dræɡlain]
- n.
- (热气球、飞船等上的)检索，导索，牵引绳索
[,ri:prə'dʌkʃən]
- n. 繁殖，生殖；复制；复制品
reproduction [,ri:prə'dʌkʃən]
- n.
- 再生产；再制造
including the trailing safety dragline. wrapping eggs for reproduction, protective retreats.
trailing edge（飞机的）机翼后缘
trailing wheeln. [机]后轮
retreat into oneself退隐；离群索居
retreat from退出；放弃
in full retreat全线溃退
when you look at this orb web, you are actually
orb [ɔ:b]
- n.
- 球；球状物
- vt.
- 使成圆形(或球状)
- vi.
- 成球状；呈圆形
ORB
- abbr.
- object request broker【计算机】对象请求代理
the frame and radii of this web.
while the capture spiral is a composite of two different silk. the filament and the sticky droplet.
spiral ['spaiərəl]
- n.
- 【几何学】螺线，蜷线
- adj.
- 螺旋的；螺旋形的；盘旋的
- vi.
- 作螺旋形行进；盘旋着上升(或下降)：
- vt.
- 使作螺旋行进；绕…盘旋：
spiral bevel gear弧齿锥齿轮；螺旋伞齿轮
spiral case蜗壳；水轮机蜗壳
water droplet水滴；微水滴，小水滴
because each spinneret has many spigots on it.
spigot ['spiɡət]
- n.
- 龙头，阀门
gland [ɡlænd]
- n.
- 【解剖学】
sac1 [sæk]
- n.
- 【生物学】囊，液囊
sac2 [sæk]
- n.
- [俚语]糖精( = saccharin)
so if you ever have the opportunity to dissect orb web weaving spiders.
dissect [di'sekt]
- vt.
- 解剖(动、植物)，剥析；切割，剖割；把…一点一点地切开，把…切成碎片:
- vi.
- 进行解剖
and what you find is a bounty
0:12I'm here to spread the word about the magnificence of spiders and how much we can learn from them.Spiders are truly global citizens. You can find spiders in nearly every terrestrial habitat. This red dot marks the Great Basin of North America, and I'm involved with an alpine biodiversity project there with some collaborators. Here's one of our field sites, and just to give you a sense of perspective, this little blue smudge here, that's one of my collaborators. This is a rugged and barren landscape, yet there are quite a few spiders here. Turning rocks over revealed this crab spider grappling with a beetle.
0:52Spiders are not just everywhere, but they're extremely diverse. There are over 40,000 described speciesof spiders. To put that number into perspective, here's a graph comparing the 40,000 species of spidersto the 400 species of primates. There are two orders of magnitude more spiders than primates. Spiders are also extremely old. On the bottom here, this is the geologic timescale, and the numbers on it indicate millions of years from the present, so the zero here, that would be today. So what this figure shows is that spiders date back to almost 380 million years. To put that into perspective, this red vertical bar here marks the divergence time of humans from chimpanzees, a mere seven million years ago.
1:45All spiders make silk at some point in their life. Most spiders use copious amounts of silk, and silk is essential to their survival and reproduction. Even fossil spiders can make silk, as we can see from this impression of a spinneret on this fossil spider. So this means that both spiders and spider silk have been around for 380 million years. It doesn't take long from working with spiders to start noticing how essential silk is to just about every aspect of their life. Spiders use silk for many purposes, including the trailing safety dragline, wrapping eggs for reproduction, protective retreats and catching prey.
2:33There are many kinds of spider silk. For example, this garden spider can make seven different kinds of silks. When you look at this orb web, you're actually seeing many types of silk fibers. The frame and radii of this web is made up of one type of silk, while the capture spiral is a composite of two different silks:the filament and the sticky droplet. How does an individual spider make so many kinds of silk? To answer that, you have to look a lot closer at the spinneret region of a spider. So silk comes out of the spinnerets, and for those of us spider silk biologists, this is what we call the "business end" of the spider. (Laughter)We spend long days ... Hey! Don't laugh. That's my life. (Laughter) We spend long days and nightsstaring at this part of the spider. And this is what we see. You can see multiple fibers coming out of the spinnerets, because each spinneret has many spigots on it. Each of these silk fibers exits from the spigot,and if you were to trace the fiber back into the spider, what you would find is that each spigot connects to its own individual silk gland. A silk gland kind of looks like a sac with a lot of silk proteins stuck inside.So if you ever have the opportunity to dissect an orb-web-weaving spider, and I hope you do, what you would find is a bounty of beautiful, translucent silk glands.
4:02Inside each spider, there are hundreds of silk glands, sometimes thousands. These can be grouped into seven categories. They differ by size, shape, and sometimes even color. In an orb-web-weaving spider,you can find seven types of silk glands, and what I have depicted here in this picture, let's start at the one o'clock position, there's tubuliform silk glands, which are used to make the outer silk of an egg sac.There's the aggregate and flagelliform silk glands which combine to make the sticky capture spiral of an orb web. Pyriform silk glands make the attachment cement -- that's the silk that's used to adhere silk lines to a substrate. There's also aciniform silk, which is used to wrap prey. Minor ampullate silk is used in web construction. And the most studied silk line of them all: major ampullate silk. This is the silk that's used to make the frame and radii of an orb web, and also the safety trailing dragline.
5:00But what, exactly, is spider silk? Spider silk is almost entirely protein. Nearly all of these proteins can be explained by a single gene family, so this means that the diversity of silk types we see today is encoded by one gene family, so presumably the original spider ancestor made one kind of silk, and over the last 380 million years, that one silk gene has duplicated and then diverged, specialized, over and over and over again, to get the large variety of flavors of spider silks that we have today. There are several features that all these silks have in common. They all have a common design, such as they're all very long --they're sort of outlandishly long compared to other proteins. They're very repetitive, and they're very richin the amino acids glycine and alanine. To give you an idea of what a spider silk protein looks like, this is a dragline silk protein, it's just a portion of it, from the black widow spider. This is the kind of sequence that I love looking at day and night. (Laughter)
6:13So what you're seeing here is the one letter abbreviation for amino acids, and I've colored in the glycines with green, and the alanines in red, and so you can see it's just a lot of G's and A's. You can also see that there's a lot of short sequence motifs that repeat over and over and over again, so for example there's a lot of what we call polyalanines, or iterated A's, AAAAA. There's GGQ. There's GGY. You can think of these short motifs that repeat over and over again as words, and these words occur in sentences. So for example this would be one sentence, and you would get this sort of green region and the red polyalanine, that repeats over and over and over again, and you can have that hundreds and hundreds and hundreds of times within an individual silk molecule.
7:02Silks made by the same spider can have dramatically different repeat sequences. At the top of the screen, you're seeing the repeat unit from the dragline silk of a garden argiope spider. It's short. And on the bottom, this is the repeat sequence for the egg case, or tubuliform silk protein, for the exact same spider. And you can see how dramatically different these silk proteins are -- so this is sort of the beauty of the diversification of the spider silk gene family. You can see that the repeat units differ in length. They also differ in sequence. So I've colored in the glycines again in green, alanine in red, and the serines, the letter S, in purple. And you can see that the top repeat unit can be explained almost entirely by green and red, and the bottom repeat unit has a substantial amount of purple. What silk biologists do is we try to relate these sequences, these amino acid sequences, to the mechanical properties of the silk fibers.
8:04Now, it's really convenient that spiders use their silk completely outside their body. This makes testing spider silk really, really easy to do in the laboratory, because we're actually, you know, testing it in airthat's exactly the environment that spiders are using their silk proteins. So this makes quantifying silk properties by methods such as tensile testing, which is basically, you know, tugging on one end of the fiber, very amenable. Here are stress-strain curves generated by tensile testing five fibers made by the same spider. So what you can see here is that the five fibers have different behaviors. Specifically, if you look on the vertical axis, that's stress. If you look at the maximum stress value for each of these fibers,you can see that there's a lot of variation, and in fact dragline, or major ampullate silk, is the strongest of these fibers. We think that's because the dragline silk, which is used to make the frame and radii for a web, needs to be very strong.
9:06On the other hand, if you were to look at strain -- this is how much a fiber can be extended -- if you look at the maximum value here, again, there's a lot of variation and the clear winner is flagelliform, or the capture spiral filament. In fact, this flagelliform fiber can actually stretch over twice its original length. So silk fibers vary in their strength and also their extensibility. In the case of the capture spiral, it needs to be so stretchy to absorb the impact of flying prey. If it wasn't able to stretch so much, then basically when an insect hit the web, it would just trampoline right off of it. So if the web was made entirely out ofdragline silk, an insect is very likely to just bounce right off. But by having really, really stretchy capture spiral silk, the web is actually able to absorb the impact of that intercepted prey.
9:56There's quite a bit of variation within the fibers that an individual spider can make. We call that the tool kit of a spider. That's what the spider has to interact with their environment. But how about variation among spider species, so looking at one type of silk and looking at different species of spiders? This is an area that's largely unexplored but here's a little bit of data I can show you. This is the comparison of the toughness of the dragline spilk spun by 21 species of spiders. Some of them are orb-weaving spiders and some of them are non-orb-weaving spiders. It's been hypothesized that orb-weaving spiders, like this argiope here, should have the toughest dragline silks because they must intercept flying prey. What you see here on this toughness graph is the higher the black dot is on the graph, the higher the toughness.
10:49The 21 species are indicated here by this phylogeny, this evolutionary tree, that shows their genetic relationships, and I've colored in yellow the orb-web-weaving spiders. If you look right here at the two red arrows, they point to the toughness values for the draglines of nephila clavipes and araneus diadematus.These are the two species of spiders for which the vast majority of time and money on synthetic spider silk research has been to replicate their dragline silk proteins. Yet, their draglines are not the toughest. In fact, the toughest dragline in this survey is this one right here in this white region, a non orb-web-weaving spider. This is the dragline spun by scytodes, the spitting spider. Scytodes doesn't use a web at all to catch prey. Instead, scytodes sort of lurks around and waits for prey to get close to it, and then immobilizes prey by spraying a silk-like venom onto that insect. Think of hunting with silly string. That's how scytodes forages. We don't really know why scytodes needs such a tough dragline, but it's unexpected results like this that make bio-prospecting so exciting and worthwhile. It frees us from the constraints of our imagination.
12:14Now I'm going to mark on the toughness values for nylon fiber, bombyx -- or domesticated silkworm silk -- wool, Kevlar, and carbon fibers. And what you can see is that nearly all the spider draglines surpass them. It's the combination of strength, extensibility and toughness that makes spider silk so special, and that has attracted the attention of biomimeticists, so people that turn to nature to try to find new solutions. And the strength, extensibility and toughness of spider silks combined with the fact that silks do not elicit an immune response, have attracted a lot of interest in the use of spider silks in biomedical applications, for example, as a component of artificial tendons, for serving as guides to regrow nerves, and for scaffolds for tissue growth.
13:11Spider silks also have a lot of potential for their anti-ballistic capabilities. Silks could be incorporated into body and equipment armor that would be more lightweight and flexible than any armor available today. In addition to these biomimetic applications of spider silks, personally, I find studying spider silks just fascinating in and of itself. I love when I'm in the laboratory, a new spider silk sequence comes in. That's just the best. (Laughter) It's like the spiders are sharing an ancient secret with me, and that's why I'm going to spend the rest of my life studying spider silk. The next time you see a spider web, please, pause and look a little closer. You'll be seeing one of the most high-performance materials known to man. To borrow from the writings of a spider named Charlotte, silk is terrific.
14:15Thank you. (Applause)
14:18(Applause)
0:12我来到这里是为了向让世人了解 蜘蛛的伟大之处 以及我们能从它们身上学到多少东西 蜘蛛遍布全球，这点勿庸置疑 你几乎能在每一个 陆地栖息地中找到蜘蛛 这个红点标出了 北美大盆地地区 我和一些人合作 参与了一个山地生物多样性的项目 这里是我们的野外场地之一 你可以看到 这里有个小蓝点 那是我的合作者之一这里虽地势崎岖，土地贫瘠 但存在相当数量的蜘蛛 翻开岩石就可以看见一只蟹蛛 正与一只甲壳虫搏斗
0:52蜘蛛并非随处可见 但它们品种繁多 目前已有超过40000种 蜘蛛 根据这个数字 这里有一张图表用以比较 蜘蛛的40000个品种和 灵长类动物的400个品种 蜘蛛的种类比灵长类动物 多了两个数量级 蜘蛛也极其古老 在图表的底部 是一个地质年代表 表上的数字所指的是 距今数百万年以前，而这里的数字零 代表今天 所以该图表显示，蜘蛛的出现 可追溯至约3.8亿年前 相比较而言 这条红色垂直轴标记着 猩猩演化成人类的时间 那也不过只有七百万年
1:45在其生命中的某些时间点上 所有的蜘蛛都会吐丝 大多数蜘蛛会用到大量的蛛丝 且蛛丝对于蜘蛛的存活 和繁殖也至关重要 即使是远古的蜘蛛也能够吐丝 我们在图上可以看到 这只古老的蜘蛛的吐丝器 这就意味着 蜘蛛和蛛丝都已经 存活了3.8亿年了 研究蜘蛛，你不用花很长时间 就会开始注意到蛛丝对于 蜘蛛生存的每个方面都十分重要 蜘蛛使用蛛丝有多种目的 包括用拖丝确保其安全 包缠它们的蛋以利于繁殖 撤退时的保护机制 以及捕获猎物
2:33蛛丝种类繁多 举例来说，这种园蛛能够 吐出七种不同的蛛丝 当你看到这种圆形蛛网 事实上，你看到了多种蛛丝纤维 蛛网的骨架丝与辐射状丝 是由同一种蛛丝织成 而螺旋状的蛛丝部分是由 两种不同的丝组成 即单纤维细丝和小滴的粘液 那么一只蜘蛛是如何 吐出这么多不同的蛛丝的呢？ 想知道答案，你必须更加贴近观察 蜘蛛的吐丝器部位 蛛丝源于吐丝器 对于那些像我一样的蛛丝生物学家来说 这就是所谓的蜘蛛的“业务端点” 我们花了很长时间... 嘿！别笑！那可是我的人生！ （笑声） 我们整日整夜的 瞪着蜘蛛的吐丝器 然后我们观察到了这个 你可以看到吐丝器里 吐出了多种纤维 因为每个吐丝器都有许多栓塞 而每一条蛛丝纤维都来自于栓塞 如果循着纤维追溯到蜘蛛本体当中 你就会发现 每个栓塞都各自连结了一个独立丝腺 丝腺看起来就像是一个小囊 囊中充满了蛛丝蛋白 所以如果你曾经有机会解剖 一只圆蛛 我也希望你有机会这么做 你就会发现 它有大量漂亮且半透明的丝腺
4:02每只蜘蛛体内都有数百种丝腺 有时候高达数千种 这些丝腺可以被分为7类 它们大小不一，形状各异 有时甚至连颜色也不同 在一只圆蛛体内 你能找到七种不同的丝腺 而我在这张图中已把它们一一描绘出来 我们从一点的位置开始 这里是管状丝腺 用于制作卵囊的外部 这里是聚状丝腺和鞭状丝腺 它们均用于制造蛛网上 富有黏性的螺旋状丝 梨状丝腺具有黏合作用 这种蛛丝用于将丝线 黏合在蛛网的基底上 还有葡萄状腺丝 用于捕获猎物 小壶状腺丝则用于建构蛛网 而在这些蛛丝中 最常被研究的是大壶状腺丝 大壶状腺丝用于制造 蛛网的骨架丝和辐射状丝 以及用于安全警戒的拖丝
5:00但准确的说，蛛丝究竟是什么？ 蛛丝几乎全由蛋白质组成 其中大多数蛋白质可以用 单基因家族解释 这就表示我们今日所见的蜘蛛丝分类 都是由单基因家族编码 所以，我们可以推测，最远古的蜘蛛始祖 可能只能吐出一种丝 后来经过3.8亿年的演化 其蛛丝基因被复制 接着出现分歧化和专门化 这样的过程不断重复 最终演化成我们今天的 各种各样的蛛丝 这些蛛丝有几个共通点 他们的设计都大同小异 例如都非常的长 跟其它的丝质蛋白相比 蛛丝蛋白长得有点古怪 它们颇具重复性且内含丰富的 氨基酸，甘氨酸和丙氨酸 为了让你能够想像 蛛丝蛋白的样子 这是拖丝蛋白 这只是它的一部分 是从黑寡妇体内取出来的 这种序列 我每日每夜百看不厌
6:13所以你可以在这里看到 氨基酸仅用一个字母的缩写表示 并且我用绿色标明氨基酸 用红色标明丙氨酸 所以你们看见了很多G's和A's 你也可以看到有很多短序列基元 被不断重复 比如说这里有大量的多聚丙氨酸 也就是不停重复的A's AAAAA。这里是GGQ，这里是GGY 你可以将这些不断重复的短序列 想像成单词 而这些单词会出现在句子中 所以，举例来说，这是一个句子 你会得到这种绿色区块 和红色多聚丙氨酸的组合 这种组合会一再重复 然后你就会在一个蛛丝分子中 得到数百个不断重复的 上述组合
7:02相同的蜘蛛吐出的丝 可以有截然不同的重复序列 在萤幕的上方，你看到的是 一只花园金蛛的 拖丝重复序列单位 它非常的短，而在底部 是蛋壳的重复序列 即管状腺丝蛋白的序列 它们来自同一只蜘蛛 这样你就可以看到 这些蛛丝蛋白有多么迥异 这就是蛛丝基因家族多样化的 美妙之处 你可以看到重复单位长度各异 它们的序列方式也大相径庭 所以我再次用绿色标出甘氨酸 用红色标出丙氨酸 紫色的字母S代表丝氨酸 你可以看到顶部的重复单位 几乎全部可用绿色和红色显示 而下方的重复单位 则有很大一部分是紫色的 研究蛛丝的生物学家要做的就是试着 将这些氨基酸序列 与蛛丝纤维的机械属性 加以连结
8:04现在，因为蜘蛛将丝吐出身体之外 所以我们的研究变得很便利 这就让在实验室做蛛丝测试 变得非常简易，因为事实上 你也知道，我们可以直接在空气中测试 因为蜘蛛恰恰是在那样的环境中 使用蛛丝蛋白的 因此这就让量化蛛丝属性变得非常容易执行 比如基本的拉伸试验 即拉住纤维的某一端 会变得非常方便 这是同一只蜘蛛产岀的五种纤维 进行拉伸试验后 所产生的应变曲线 你可以看到 五种纤维各有不同的反应 具体来说，垂直轴代表压力 如果你注意每一种纤维的 最大压力值 那么你就可以看出变异实在太多了 而事实上，拖丝或大壶状腺丝 是这些纤维里最强韧的 我们认为这是因为拖丝 用于制造蛛网的骨架丝和辐射状丝 所以需要比其他蛛丝更加强韧
9:06另外，如果你注意到张力 即一条纤维可被延展的程度 如果你注意到它的最大值 那么，你会再次发现有很多变异 而延展性最好的是鞭毛状的蛛丝 即用于捕猎的螺旋状丝纤维 事实上，鞭毛状丝纤维可以 延展至超过其原本长度的两倍 所以在长度和延展性上 蛛丝纤维是各不相同的 以螺旋状丝为例 它必须非常有弹性 才能经受住飞行猎物的冲撞 如果它延展性不够 那么基本上，当有昆虫落入蛛网时 这些昆虫就能从蛛网上弹开 所以如果蛛网全部用拖丝做成 那么昆虫很可能只是 从网上弹开，但是由于有 可延展性极佳的的螺旋状丝 蛛网就能经受住 被拦截的昆虫的冲撞力
9:56在一只蜘蛛可以吐出的纤维中 存在很多的差异 我们称之为蜘蛛的工具箱 那就是蜘蛛与环境之间 进行互动所必需的 但是不同的蜘蛛之间存在多大的差异呢? 是以同一种蛛丝为基础 还是用不同的蜘蛛种类來作区分？这是一片尚未探知的领域 但我还是能提供一些数据給各位 这是拖丝的韧性比较 这些拖丝 取自21种蜘蛛 有些是圆网蜘蛛 有些是非圆网蜘蛛 有人假设圆网蜘蛛 例如这里的金蛛 这类蜘蛛的拖丝应该是最具韧性的 因为它们必须截获飞行的猎物 从韧性图表上看 黑点在图上的位置越高 其代表的韧性就越大
10:49这21种蜘蛛通过这个系统演化 被标识出来。这个演化树指出了 它们的基因关系，我用黃色 标出了圆网蜘蛛这里有两个红色箭头 它们显示出络新妇蛛 和十字圆蛛的拖丝 最具韧性 对于这两种蜘蛛 人们使用了大量的时间和金钱 进行人造蛛丝的研究 以复制它们的拖丝蛋白 然而，它们的拖丝并非最强韧的 事实上，根据这个调查，最强韧的拖丝 是白色区域中的这个点 它属于一只非圆网蜘蛛 这是由花皮蛛吐出的拖丝 花皮蛛是毒蜘蛛 它们根本不结网捕猎 相反，花皮蛛埋伏在四周 等待猎物临近 然后通过喷出丝状的毒液 来让猎物动弹不得 相较于用愚蠢的丝线来捕猎 这才是花皮蛛的捕猎方式 我们并不知道为什么花皮蛛 需要如此强韧的拖丝但正是这类出乎意料的结果 才让生物勘探如此的激动人心和富有价值 它将我们从想象力的束缚中 解放出来
12:14现在我将标出 以下物质的韧性值，包括尼龙纤维 家蚕丝 羊毛，凯夫拉纤维和碳质纤维 你可以看到几乎 所有蜘蛛拖丝的韧性都能超越它们 正是结合了强力，延展性和韧性 才让蛛丝如此的特别 它亦引起了仿生学家的注意 所以人们转向大自然 以求发现新的解决方案 而蛛丝集强力，延展性 和韧性于一体 却并不会引发免疫应答 这一事实引起了人们将蛛丝应用于 生物医学领域的兴趣 比如说作为人造腱的成分 用以帮助神经再生作为脚手架 帮助组织生长
13:11蛛丝也因其反弹道能力 而拥有很多潜能 蛛丝可被植入体内 以及装备装甲当中，以让其变得更加 轻便灵活远胜于今天的任何装甲 除了蛛丝在 仿生学上的应用 就我个人而言，我发现研究蛛丝 非常的令人着迷 我很喜欢待在实验室 研究新的蛛丝序列 那真是再好不过了 就像蜘蛛正在与我 分享一个远古的秘密 那也是为什么我将倾尽余生 来研究蛛丝 下次当你看到一个蛛网时 请停下来并走近观察 你将会看到人类已知的 性能最佳的材料之一 借用一只名叫 夏洛特的蜘蛛的话来说 蛛丝棒极了
14:15谢谢
14:18（掌声）
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